PSR Strategies

Summary on chapter 9 from CRCB Using Preview, Study-Read, and Review(PSR)Strategies.
The PSR technique requires that you question yourself before, during and after you read. It encourages you to participate in a reader-author conversation rather than to read passively. In this conversation, you access what the author says and decide if it makes sense to you. By asking questions, predicting textbook content, and hypothesizing about the main idea, you are participating in a conversation with the author. You also add what you know to the conversation by recalling related information. It helps to understand and remember the text material.

The PSR technique also requires responding to readings by writing in your journal. Commenting in writing helps to digest and understand an author's ideas and articulate your own, by identifying exactly where you become confused in a reading, you can return to that point and reread the relevant section of text.

The PSR technique also requires you to respond to readings by writing in your journal. Review reading using your journal can helps you to understand an author’s ideas and helps you relate the material to what you already know.

There are many different strategies in studying one of the strategies is known as PSR. In PSR There are three basic steps the first preview, this is where you get a glimpse in what you will be reading, how long the reading of study assignment is and a the major points in your reading. This process is called skimming and it when you quickly read through the whole chapter to get an idea of what later you will be going in to depth with.

Arguments

Recognizing arguments as you read lets you critically examine an author’s line of reason and one conclusion. One way to detect them is to look for an author’s conclusions and then track the reasons he or she used to reach them. Another way is to look for the argument word clues an author used to indicate when reasons are being presented and conclusions stated.
When you find an argument, you should break it down into its constituent parts so that you can determine whether it is well found and logical.
Arguments can be evaluated using specific criteria including deterging dependability fact from opinion, and detecting fallacies.
The two primary types of arguments are deductive and inductive .Deductive arguments have at least one premise that logically leads to a conclusion. Inductive argument begging with a series of specific observation and conclude with a generalization that logically flow from them. As they are observation, even well-constructed inductive arguments cannot be considered absolutely true. Author’s view should be actively questioned so that flaws in the presentation of information are not passively accepted. Begging able to detect and evaluate argument in book, and to create argument using book reading material, forces to analyze the logic of what read and help we present we own ideas
In arguments we come across deductive argument, inductive and evaluating arguments. A deductive argument is that the premise is to be undeniably true that the conclusion is also unquestionably true as well. In an inductive argument the premise is highly probable to be true as well as the conclusion. The main thing to understand between the two is probability as which you know is the absolute truth and what you know is high probable. In an argument you want to have a deductive stance because nothing can argue with one hundred percent fact.

Textbook Methods of Organization

The authors usually organize information using certain classic methods or patterns.
Begging able to recognize organizational methods will help understand the ideas in how they are connected t each other, because they will fit into logical patterns already familiar with.
It will also help to remember what you have read, because you are not memorizing facts in isolation, but relating them to each other to form patterns that hold and organize them in your member. A useful way to identify an author’s method of organization is to look for the organization word clues that indicate which patterns using.

It is also important to assess an author’s overall method of organization. Author will frequently use more than one method from paragraph to paragraph to paragraph, but have one overall method for each.



CRCB C8 Exercises

pp.272

Exercise 8h
Journalists typically omit organizational word clues because they have a limited amount of space for their stories, and they want to reserve as much space as possible for content. Access the following Internet source: www.ABCNEWS.com and pick a story. Print it out, read it, and infer the overall organizational method. Add OWCs that you think would help others identify the overall organizational method, ones the writer might have used if space had not been a constraint.

#1: analysis “was”
#2: definitions/example “But” “meant”
#3: sequence “first” “then”
#4: sequence “process” “after” “for years”
#5: sequence “the first thing” “but”
#6: sequence “also” “the first thing” “then” “also”

Managing Your Reading Time

Several strategies, including skimming, regressing, sub vocalizing, and pacing, that will increase your reading efficiency.
Comprehension should be your main reading goal, not how fast you read.
Develop a general study schedule that shows specifically when you plan to study for each class and for how long.
The reading tips suggested in this chapter that will contribute to your becoming a more efficient reader are: reading quickly when appropriate, skimming, regressing or rereading, sub vocalizing, pacing.

Time is not the only criterion used in judging reading efficiency in college. It is not even most important one. Efficient reading can be defined as being able to read and comprehend textbook material in an appropriate amount of time for you.

Deciding what an appropriate amount of time is for you depends on many factors. It is related to how much time you actually have available to read for each course, the level of difficult of the textbook material, and the grade you want to earn in a course.

How to manage your reading is more important than learning how to read rapidly. Always make comprehension your primary goal: reading efficiently the first time through is often faster. If you make speed your priority, you may finish more quickly, but understand less. As a result, you may have to reread material before a test in order to understand and remember it, which is time-consuming.

Track your reading rates so you can create daily reading plans that set realistic goals for your classes each week. After using a study schedule and daily reading plans for several weeks, you will find that you begin to complete your reading assignments on time. Your reading comprehension will also improve, and you may even read a little faster. The reading tips suggested in this chapter that will contribute to your becoming a more efficient reader are: reading quickly when appropriate, skimming, regressing or rereading, sub vocalizing, pacing.



CRCB C4 Exercises


pp. 127

1. Which of the following statements is not accurate according to the excerpt?
b. prostitutes have flawed characters lacking in values

2. Which of the following statements is true, according to the excerpt?
d. Almost nine out of 10 Ranch prostitutes had earned their general equivalency diplomas or had graduated from high school.

3. According to the excerpt, what is one reason why streetwalkers rarely become regular brothel prostitutes?
c. Brothels have lots of rules and mandatory confinement.

4. According to the author, the prostitutes she investigated at the Mustang ranch were
b. Women who were very committed to their families.

5. In your opinion, the author’s attitudes toward the prostitutes at Mustang Ranch is
b. Accepting

Developing Your College Vocabulary

Chapter 2 is about Developing Your College Vocabulary by learning new vocabulary you are building important reading strategies. Building vocabulary is one of the most significant impacts on student Achievement, by expanding your vocabulary; you increase your understanding in knowledge.

Developing your vocabulary is about learning or understanding the words of textbooks information. It builds an important reading strategy and increases your ability to speak and write well to communication effectively. It allows you to fully understand and increase your word power and chances of getting job of your choice what you desire for. Developing Your Vocabulary; reading and listening comprehension will improve more words. You can use these important strategies to help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words: context clues and word part analysis, writing in your textbook, creating word maps, understanding denotation and connotation, journal writing, and the card review system. One of the best ways of making word a part of your vocabulary is the use of it in your daily life.

Reading is an important way to learn new words and in rich your vocabulary in Daily life, by writing a journal on regular basis you will improve.



Exercise 2a, Context Clues,P36
2.She was so overcome with joy by the birth of her baby that she was able to say nothing other than that the whole experience was simply ineffable.

c. incapable of being expressed in words

3. Most of us eventually reach our goals, but life’s path to success is often a circuitous one.

c. marked by roundabout or indirect procedures

4. The preacher took a pedagogic approach with the sermon, hoping that those attending would learn something meaningful from it.

a. instructional

5. Although teaching is not a lucrative profession, I know that I wouldn’t want to
do anything else. Helping others learn is far more important to me than money

c. well paying

6. Buying the lottery ticket is a very capricious way to plan for your future. The chances of winning are 1 in 10,000,000.

d. unpredictable

Exercise 2b, Context Clues in Textbooks,P37
(1).Alcoholism exacts a horrible toll on the drinker and on the drinker's family, but the damage doesn't stop there. Drunk driving, workplace losses, and issues related to alcohol abuse. The search for effective methods of intervention has never been more intense.
B - Forces.

(2)The natural circadian rhythm of most animals, including humans, is 25 to 26 hours, but our internal clocks easily adapt to the 24-hour rhythms of the turning earth. When we are isolated from environmental cues, our sleep/wake cycles continue to be rather constant but slightly longer than 24 hours.
B - Daily behavioral cycle.

(3) when the commissioner of Indian affairs took office in 1933,he vowed to defend Indian rights. the conciliatory attitudes of the commissioner and the Indian office, regarding Indian rights, conformed with legal precedents established by state and federal courts.
B - agreeable, accommodating.

(4) Our own daily rhythms can become desynchronized when we take a cross country or transoceanic flight. if you fly from los Angeles to new York and then go to bed at 11pm.Eastern standard time, you may have trouble falling asleep because your body is still on west coast time.
Definition: Broken or full apart.

(5)if my argument so far has been sound, neither our distance from a preventable evil nor the number of other people who, in respect to that evil are in the same situation as we are, lessens our obligation to mitigate or prevent that evil’s shall therefore take as established the principle i asserted earlier. As I have already said need to assert it only in its qualified form; if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything else morally significant, we ought, morally, to do it.
Definition: Seize, stop.

Exercise 2d, Roots,P41
1) Equal - same, similar.
2) circumscribe - event, situation.
3) Predict - expect, girt.
4) Untenable - not able to held or excessive.
5) Currently - recently.
6) Extend - to expand or give more time.
7) Extensible - capable to be extended.
8) Scribble - one who writes or copies writing.
9) Retentive - recover.
10) remit-to sends back or remind.

Exercise 2f, Prefix – Create a Word,P43
1) A prefix that means good or well is bene, benefit, benediction.
2)A prefix that means out is Ex-exist-exfoliate.
3)A prefix that means skill is techn-technology-technical.
4)A prefix that means bad is mal-malevolent-malicious.
5)A prefix that means against is anti-antibacterial-antivirus.
6)A prefix that means half is semi-semicolon-semisweet.
7)A prefix that means after is meta-metabolic-metallic.
8)A prefix that means many is nulti-multiple-metallic.
9)A prefix that means more than usual is hyper-hyperactive-hypervetilate.
10)Aprefix that means before is ante-antecedent-antemeridian.

Exercise 2h, Create Words with Suffixes,P45
1)one who professes knowledge-professor.
2)able to mend-mendable.
3)full of spite -spiteful.
4)like a mother-motherhood.
5)characterized by harmony-harmonious.
6)a beginning,start or graduation-preparation.
7)sad at feeling alone-sadness.
8)a scientist who specialises in chemistry-chemist.
9)the act,practise,or profession of istructing-instructor.
10)unable to manage by oneself.dependent-dependant.

Exercise 2i, Identify the Roots,P46
1.harmlessly-harm.
2.controversially-controversy.
3.commercialization-commercial.
4talkatively-outspoke.
5.mindlessness-mind.
6.simplisstically-simple.
7.neighbourliness-neighbour.
8.wakefulness-wake.
9.peacefully-peace.
10.sinfulness-sin.

Exercise 2j, Define the Following Words,P46
1)maltreat-to treat badly,to abuse.
2)autonomous-self worth.
3)emit-to duke away.
4)fidelity-to be faithful.
5)convey-to agree or give regards.
6)equivocal-equilibrium.
7)posthumous-after.
8)carnal-flash.
9)misogynist-wrong.
10)synchronized-together.

Reading in College

Reading is an active process based on an active process besides on author’s to convey meaning though the write word and your ability to extract meaning from those words. Keeping a learning journal is also an active learning task. It helps you identify what you understand in a reading assignment and what is still unclear. It can help you to understand how you learn, which learning styles work best for you, and how you can improve those with which you have difficulty. Using learning will help you to identify, analyze and correct reading and leaning difficulties.

Leading is an active process based on an author’s ability to convey meaning through the written word and I ability to extract meaning from those words.
Learning styles and techniques for improving learning ability, Reading is learning Process by using many different strategies your learning styles ability will greatly
Enhanced, these techniques will help you to improve your college reading and learning.



CRCB C1 Exercises

Exercise 1a
pp.9

Read each of the following statements and respond to them based on your current reading habits. In the space provided, write yes if the statement correctly describes you, or no if it does not.

1. I know that concentration is a skill that can be learned.
NO

2. I have a study area, complete with study supplies, and this area is used only for studying.
NO

3. I try to concentrate as I read, but my mind usually drifts to other things, such as bills I have to pay or people I have to call.
YES

4. If I get angry, I am unable to concentrate on my reading.
YES

5. I know how to minimize all distractions.
NO

6. I cannot read unless my house, or study environment, is immaculate.
YES

7. I have a system to let others know when I am reading and that I do not want to be disturbed.
NO

8. I lose concentration easily when I am bored with what I’m reading.
YES

Evaluation

In this chapter on evaluating internet resources, I learned: how to use a seven-step evaluation system to determine the accuracy and reliability of internet information sources; how to use a rubric to rate website information.
One of the greatest resources we know have on hand is the World Wide Web. We can find information to almost any subject imaginable with just the click of a button. This resource is extremely useful but at the same time can crippling as well. A lot of time when books are published they are made sure that the information written is legitimate as where on web that is not always the case. When getting reliable references from the web you must make sure the information that you’re gathering is coming from a credible source rather than form a 15 year old kid who’s posting nonsense on the web. The fact is that anybody can put stuff on the web so it is important to make sure the information you’re receiving is factual.
Evaluating internet source of information helps we determine if they are reliable and useful. Knowing how to critically evaluate internet material not only helps we become a better student, but will help you in your work life beyond college.
Use the internet source evaluation system described in this chapter as a tool for assessing websites. Two Rand C A uses following seven steps:
1. Know your purpose
2. Double –check facts and sources
3. Consider the source
4. Evaluate content
5. Determine intended audience
6. Evaluate the writing
7. Use what you already know.



CRCB C14 Exercises

P488

Part1
Objective questions
1.
1). Rubric - b
2). HTML – d
3). 2RCA – e
4). WWW – a
5).Internet – c

a. A visual component of the internet, which can include pictures, sound, video clips, and more.
b. A type of chart used to evaluate a product or process.
c. Countless networks of computers that are connected
d. The computer language of the WWW
e. A mnemonic used to remember the sever-step website evaluation.

2. An ”open-minded skeptic” refers to someone
a. Who does not accept everything read as truth but is willing t consider and research questionable information

3. Which of the seven steps of the internet source evaluation system is missing from this list: know your purpose; evaluate the look and content;..
c. consider the source

4. Which of the following is not a reason to use a rubric?
d. To determine if you will receive a good grade on your research paper.

5. If information is relevant, it is
b. Related to the topic you are researching.

inferences

This chapter explains how inferences take place in our minds, how they relate to facts, and how far wrong we can go when we mistake inferences for facts.

Infer means to take what you know and make a guess. When we infer, we use imagination or reasoning to provide explanations for situations in which all the facts are either not available or not yet determined. For example, If you get fired from your job, you can infer, maybe you did something wrong. It can be used as a strategy in planning and choosing alternatives. It detects and consultants all kind of valued for their ability to examine facts, imagination, reasoning to link with explanation and generalization ties to all information together into meaningful whole.

Responsible report writing or descriptive writing lets the facts speak for themselves as much as possible. Inference thinking is natural to humans, if someone walks up to us with a gun in there are hand we are going to assume they mean us harm. Inference is a way of gathering information, due to other things that may give to the ultimate finding. It is important to remember that inference is not factual. Just because one may infer something is going to happen, it may not happen at all, the exact opposite might happen.



CRCB Chapter7 Inference Exercise

Exercise 7b, Determining an Author’s Purpose,P214

1. to inform
2. to persuade you
3. to inform
4. entertain
5. to inform


Exercise 7c, Comparisons,P216

1. Comparison between: a Sun-bath b. a drink of wine to the reptile
Implied similarity: it was very enjoyable

2. Comparison between: a. under pressure b. lion
Implied similarity: he feels ambitious

3. Comparison between: a. facts b. air on which the scientist learns.
Implied similarity: Scientists need facts.

4. Comparison between: a. battleship b. computer
Implied similarity: The hacker uses his computer to assail the weak and subvert the unsuspecting.

5. Comparison between: a. liquid b. people in the stadium aisles
Implied similarity: They both move freely.

6. Comparison between: a. the protagonist b. delicate vegetable
Implied similarity: They both start indoors, where it is safe, and are moved outside. In this case, the protagonist starts out in urban England.


Exercise 7d, Setting the Tone,P219

1. c. Troubled
2. a. Intense
3. c. Humorous
4. c. Sarcastic


Exercise 7e, Detecting Bias in Paragraphs- Emotive Words,P221


1. This author is biased, or sympathetic, towards poor people and believes that they have not been dealt with fairly in terms of equal access to good jobs.
2. The author believes that it is wrong.
3. He believes that things have gotten better, but there is still a long way to go.
4. He doesn’t like it.

Exercise 7f, More Practice in Detecting Bias,P223

1. I agree with the article. I believe with the statement about him hanging.
2. He wanted to express his views.
3. The USA needs to go after Osama Bin Laden.
4. Swinging from the end of the rope, vanquished
5. Angry, “Swing from the end of the rope…”

Opinion

This chapter explores that familiar word opinion and examines the way it affects our ability to think critically.

Opinions are based on an understanding of evidence and risks in a situation and is important and highly valued. It can be well substantiated or not. They can be based either on reasons or solely on whim, feelings, emotions or prejudice. We recognize the difference between responsible and irresponsible opinion and that we distinguish statements based on evidence from statements based solely on feelings.

Opinions are one of the few things that are based clearly on an individual personal ideas and thoughts. It’s what makes us different from one another. If everybody had the same opinions perhaps we would live in a much more peaceful world, but it would be so boring everybody would view everything in the same way not much would have been accomplished.

Critical thinking requires that we recognize the difference between responsible and irresponsible opinion.



P177 An Exercise in Evaluating Opinions

Rate the following opinions as:
A. An opinion I would accept and act on
B. Worthy of Consideration
C. I’d want another opinion
D. Forget It!

1. Your doctor says you need surgery immediately.
A
2. A psychiatrist testifies in court that the defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity.
B
3. The weather forecaster says it will rain tomorrow.
B
4. Your attorney says you should sue your neighbor for damages.
B
5. You want to rent an apartment but the neighbor next door says the landlord is a weirdo.
C
6. Your best friend tells you your fiancée is tacky.
D
7. Your English instructor says you don’t know how to think and should see a psychiatrist.
D
8. Your astrologer tells you not to go on any long trips in May.
D
9. The judge says you are guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol.
A
10. An engineer says you can prevent your basement from flooding by blasting holes for drainage in your foundation.
C
11. Your utility energy advisor says you can conserve energy by having your floors insulated.
B
12. A Pentagon general advises bombing Mexico.
D

P187 Chapter Quiz

1. Expert opinion calculates the risk involved in spacing the gap between the known and the unknown for a particular situation.
True
2. Giving advice is not a way of offering an opinion.
False
3. The results of public opinion polls are equivalent to votes in elections.

False
4. Opinions in the forms of judgments state what is right and wrong, bed and good.

True
5. Some opinions are based on generalizations, such as stereotype, as in the statement “All Chinese look alike."

True
6. Responsible opinions are based on a careful examination of the evidence.

False
7. Opinions are the same as facts.

False
8. Gossip is opinion sharing without any requirement for substantiation.

True
9. Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion because all opinion carries equal value. 

False
10. Prevailing sentiment refers to popular opinion that changes with the times.
True

Details

This chapter is about Using Inference to Identify Implied Main Ideas. The authors use details to help reads understand the supporting details.

Details are specific pieces of information that serve as the "arms and legs" of the main idea. They are usually presented as facts, opinions, examples, illustrations, explanations or definitions and are frequently discovered by asking questions. In order to understand a paragraph, you need to be able to pinpoint the topic and locate the main idea. It is the "key concept" being expressed. It supports the main idea by telling how, what, when, where, why, how much, or how many. Location the topic, main idea and supporting details helps you understand the points, the writer is attempting to express. Identifying the relationship between these will increase your comprehension.

If you are able to distinguish between the major and main supporting details, in your reading materials, it means you have understood what you have reading.



Learning Journal, P139

Exercise 6a, Identifying Major Supporting Details, P180
Your question:
How is it that the pain from a beating does not come until about eight or ten seconds after the stroke?
Major supporting detail: The stroke itself is merely a loud crack and a sort of blunt thud against your backside, numbing you completely.

Your question: Why is a tattoo a bad thing in the white-collar world?
Major supporting detail: You cannot earn power.

Your question: Why didn’t she approve of him?
Major supporting details: A. fell asleep at desk
B. Sniffled all the time

Your question: How does the visitor’s hand feel?
Major supporting detail: It was cool and quite oily and seemed human to me.

Your question: What advantages does the pointed arch offer?
Major supporting detail:
A. Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller.
B. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than a barrel vault.

Your question: How does the Bacillus subtitles bacterium reproduce?
Major supporting details:
It splits every twenty minutes.